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| REFERENCING AND QUOTING (adapted from 1989 original manuscript developed at the Dept. of Sport Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu CA) |
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The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) (5th ed.)
is the required style manual for publishable papers in psychology and many other
social sciences. APA style minimizes the use of footnotes for referencing
psychological reports. Rather, a comprehensive list of references is included
at the end of the main body of the paper. Other footnoted material can usually
be integrated into the running text or omitted altogether.
The References list should be the very last section of the main body of a paper. This is the section in which the writer informs the reader of the specific sources of information that have been referred to throughout the paper. The format of references in APA style is illustrated below for various types of sources. Notice that journal titles, titles of books, and volume numbers are either underlined or printed in italics. Only the first letter of the first word of a book title or the title of a journal article is capitalized, but all main words of the name of a journal or other periodical are capitalized. |
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Book reference.
The reference format for a book is: last name and initials of author, year of publication, title of book, place of publication, and publishing company's name (In cases of well known publishing companies, such as, Allyn & Bacon, Brown & Benchmark, Human Kinetics, Mayfield, Mosby, Nelson Hall etc..., omit the "Publishing Company" or "Publishers" and provide the name only). |
| Examples of references to entire books |
| Book, one author, fourth edition |
| Dudek, S.G. (2001). Nutrition essentials for nursing practice (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott. |
| Book, three authors, first edition |
| McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I., & Katch, V.L. (1999). Sport & exercise nutrition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott. |
| Edited book, one editor |
| Ostrow, A.C. (Ed.). (1990). Directory of psychological tests in the sport and exercise sciences. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology. |
| Edited book, two or more editors |
| Silva, J.M., & Weinberg, R.S. (Eds.). (1984). Psychological foundations of sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. |
| Examples of references to articles or chapters in edited books |
| Chapter in edited book, two authors & two editors |
| Bredemeier, B.J., & Shields, D.L. (1987). Moral growth through physical activity: An interactional approach. In D. Gould & M. Weiss (Eds.), Advances in pediatric sport sciences (pp. 143-165). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. |
| Examples of references to periodicals |
| Journal article, one author |
| Harris, M.I. (1996). NIDDM: Epidemiology and scope of the problem. Diabetes Spectrum, 9, 26-29. |
| Journal article, two authors, journal paginated by issue |
| Rejeski, W.J., & Lawrence, R.B. (1988). Defining the boundaries of sport psychology. The Sport Psychologist, 2(3), 231-242. |
| Journal article, six or more authors |
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Blair, S.N., Kohl, H.W., Paffenbarger, R.S., Clark. D.G., Cooper,
K.H., & Gibbons, L.W. (1989). Physical fitness and all-cause mortality:
A prospective study of healthy men and women. Journal of the American Medical
Association, 262, 2395-2401.
In text, use the following citation each time (including the first) the article is cited: (Blair et al., 1989). |
| Magazine article |
| Karabel, J., & Karen D. (1982, February 10-16). Color on the court. In These Times, 23-24. |
| Daily newspaper article, no author, discontinuous pages |
| CALIFAAUP: The electronic discussion list for California AAUP. (1995, Spring). The California Academic Review, pp. 2, 4. |
| Examples of references to reports |
| Report available from the Government Printing Office |
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Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
(1990, Winter). Year 2000 health objectives for the nation. Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
National Center for Health Statistics. (1987). Advance report of final mortality statistics, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. |
| Examples of references to dissertations or theses |
| Doctoral dissertation abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) and obtained on university microfilm |
| Rappaport, W. H. (1977). The influence of cognitive style on achievement in computer-based mathematics instruction. (Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University, 1977). Dissertation Abstracts International, 38, 1863B. (University Microfilms No. 77-20,831) |
| Unpublished doctoral dissertation |
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Frankl, D. (1989). Sport participation and moral reasoning: Relationships among
aspects of hostility, altruism, and sport involvement. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
The preceding examples show the formats of the major types of references cited in course papers and reports. The formats of other references (technical reports, papers presented at meetings, motion picture films, unpublished materials, videos etc.) are described in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (4th ed.). |
| On-Line Sources |
| Internet articles based on a print source |
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Assuming that the on-line version is the exact copy of a hard copy of the published article, insert the phrase [Electronic version] between the end of the title and name of journal (see bogus example below). Saltin, B. (1964). Circulatory response to submaximal and maximal exercise after thermal dehydration [Electronic version]. Journal of Applied Physiology, 19, 1125-1132. |
| Article in an Internet-only journal |
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Azzi, L. (1998). A case of bulimia nervosa treated through Kairological counselling. Medicine, Mind and Adolescence, Clinical Papers. Retrieved May 1, 2002, from http://www.adolescence.org/riv/98/titel98.htm (Note: I could not not actually retrieve the article because retrieval requires paid membership authorization. Medicine, Mind and Adolescence is a peer reviewed online journal for the rapid publication of research articles.) |
| Citing and Quoting |
| Citing References |
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When citing the work of an author or other source of information in the body of
a paper, the author's last name and the year of publication of the reference are
cited. For example:
Use of a chi-square test is based on the assumption that observations are independent (Runyon & Haber, 1981). Runyon and Haber (1981) indicate that the use of chi-square assumes independent observations. In quoting an author exactly, the name of the author(s) and the date and page(s) from which the quotation was taken are given. For example: "A fundamental assumption in the use of chi-square is that each observation or frequency is independent of all other observations" (Runyon & Haber, 1981, p. 325). Observe that the citation is placed outside the quotation marks but inside the parentheses; the final period comes after the closed parentheses. If more than one publication by the same author in the same year are to be cited, those publications must be designated by order of their appearance in the reference list by using lowercase letters after the year of publication. For example, assume that K. R. Smith has three publication in a given year, say, 1978. To refer to the second 1978 publication by K. R. Smith, the citation in the running text would appear as Smith, 1978b. If the specific citation in another instance is taken from the first of the three 1978 publications by K. R. Smith listed in the References, the text citation would be Smith, 1978a. |
| Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Plagiarizing |
| As indicated above, short quotations are included in the running text of a paper and enclosed by double quotation marks. The placement of quotation marks around a quoted passage is governed by certain rules. In general, closed quotation marks are placed after a comma or period, after a question mark or exclamation point that is part of the quoted passage, but before a colon or semicolon. Longer quotations are separated from the running text as single-spaced indented blocks without quotation marks. Ellipses [ ] are sometimes employed in quotations to indicate that certain material has been omitted, altered or added. |
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APA Style Guide: 5th Edition -- USM Libraries, The University of Southern Mississippi Electronic References -- APAStyle.org; A product of the American Psychological Association Web Extension to American Psychological Association Style (WEAPAS) -- Proposed standard for referencing online documents in scientific publications Writer's Handbook: APA Documentation Style -- The University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center (2002) Citations and Reference in APA Style -- Psychology Department, Langara College |
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APA Style Templates for Word Processing -- APA style, APA format, and references are a snap with Reference Point Software's Templates for APA Style. Our templates allow you to concentrate on the content rather than the formatting of your paper. For use with Word, WordPerfect, AmiPro, Word Pro, MS Works, and StarOffice. |
| Copyright© 1998-2004, Daniel Frankl, Ph.D. |
questions and/or comments;
thank you! |
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