Unit I (pp. 1-18)

Emergence and Development of Sociology of Sport

• Physical Education, Sociology, and Sociology of Sport: Points of Intersection

What forces gave rise to the academic study of sport and exercise, and to sport sociology in particular (Sage, 2001)?

Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology
Links to pages created by Kent McClelland (2/24/2000)
(Links to pages created on 3/28/2008)

• Functionalism
• Symbolic Interactionism
• Conflict Theory
• Other Current Theories

Unit II (pp. 19-57)

Sport, Power, and Ideology

Unit II "illustrates the functions, power, and influence of sports on values, attitudes, behaviors, and cultural practices, and their manifestations in interpersonal and gender relations, especially in the reproduction of class, gender, and racial inequality. Further, it demonstrates how, under given conditions, certain sport environments serve as arenas for social resistance to oppressive ideologies and practices (Yiannakis & Melnick, 2001, p. 19)."

Supplemental readings and notes to the understanding of concepts presented in Unit II in our text

The Great American Football Ritual: Reproducing Race, Class,
and Gender Inequality by Douglas E. Foley

• Teaching Neo-Gramscian Perspectives by Andreas Bieler & Adam David Morton
  (Link established on March 29, 2008)
• 'Cultural Studies' : "At base, cultural studies critiques and challenges existing norms and practices and examines how these practices affect people in their everyday lives. Although cultural studies has been difficult to define, most cultural studies projects deal with the interrelated issues of social difference, the distribution of power, and social justice."
  Source (link established on March 29, 2008): Fisher, L.A., Butryn, T.M., Roper, E.A. (2003). Diversifying (and politicizing) sport psychology through cultural studies: A promising perspective. Sport Psychologist, 17(4), 391-405.
• Doing Ethnographic Research: A Simplified Guide by Barbara Hall

Sports Ideology, Attitudes Toward Women,
and Antihomosexual Attitudes by Joseph Harry

• " Systematic sampling" strategies take every Nth person from the sampling frame. For example, you choose a random start page and take every 45th name in the directory until you have the desired sample size. Its major advantage is that it is much less cumbersome to use than the procedures outlined for simple random sampling."
  Source (link established on March 30, 2008 ): http://www.wadsworth.com/

• What does Cronbach's alpha (alpha-reliability) mean?
  

  Cronbach's alpha measures how well a set of items (or variables) measures a single unidimensional latent construct. When data have a multidimensional structure, Cronbach's alpha will usually be low. Technically speaking, Cronbach's alpha is not a statistical test - it is a coefficient of reliability (or consistency).
  Source (link established on March 30, 2008): UCLA, Academic Technology Services. (http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/spss/faq/alpha.html)

Gay Male Condemnation/Tolerance (n = 11 items, Cronbach's alpha = .92)

• Gay men should be required to register with the police department where they live.
• Gay men should not be discriminated against.
• Gay men should not hold responsible positions.

Lesbian Condemnation/Tolerance (n = 11 items, Cronbach's alpha = .89)

• Job discrimination against lesbians is wrong.
• Lesbians should be allowed to serve in the military.
• Apartment complexes should not accept lesbian renters.

Gay Male Morality (n = 10 items, Cronbach's alpha = .92)

• The increasing acceptance of gay men in our society is aiding in the deterioration of morals.
• Gay men just can't fit into society.
• Gay men are a viable part of our society.

Lesbian Morality (n = 10 items, Cronbach's alpha = .93)

• Homosexual behavior between two women is just plain wrong.
• The idea of lesbian marriages seems ridiculous to me.
• Lesbians endanger the institution of the family.

Neutral Morality (n = 3, Cronbach's alpha = .80)

• Homosexuality is not sinful.
• Homosexuality is a perversion.
• I find the thought of homosexual acts disgusting.

LaMar, L., & Kite, M. (1998, May). Sex differences in attitudes toward gay men and lesbians: A multidimensional perspective. Journal of Sex Research. Retreived from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2372/is_n2_v35/ai_20846996/pg_4 on March 30, 2008.

• Factor Analysis (explained) by Richard B. Darlington
  Source: http://www.psych.cornell.edu/Darlington/factor.htm (link established on March 31, 2008)

Disqualifying the Official: An Exploration of Social
Resistance Through the Subculture of Skateboarding
by Becky Beal

• Capitalist Ideology (explained) by
  Source: (link established on March 31, 2008)
• The Ideology of Capitalist Globalization by Laura DuMond Kerr
  Source: http://gse.ed.uiuc.edu/documents/teachers_papers/laura_paper.pdf (link established on March 31, 2008)
• Capitalism and Social Oppression Source: http://www.cosatu.org.za/shop/shop0901/shop0901-07.html (link established on March 31, 2008)
• What's My Name, Fool? Sports and Resistance in the United States by Ralph Nader (Published on Saturday, August 6, 2005 by CommonDreams.org) (link established on March 31, 2008)