Lecture Notes for KIN 150: Chapter 10
Kinesiology and Nutritional Science
Daniel Frankl, Ph.D., CSU Los Angeles

Lecture notes for Chapter 10
to accompany PPT presentation #10
After reading chapter 10 in your text you should know:
  • The definition of stress and the relationship between stress and wellness
  • The living organism's response to stress
  • The effect of emotional and behavioral factors on stress management
  • The mechanisms that lead from stress to disease
  • Typical stressors in order of gravity
  • Stress management and relaxation techniques
Chapter Outline
The term "Stress" is ordinarily associated with a negative effect. Since stress is an unavoidable part of life, one might consider ways to better understand and in turn better deal with stress.

Stress related terms
  • Stressor--Any demand made upon the living organism that requires an adjustment (ranges from very minimal, e.,g faint noise to severe injury or threat).
  • Stress response--The living organism's reaction to the demand(s) made upon it
  • Stress--Is the living organism's experience while receiving and/or responding to a demand.
The Psychophysiology of Stress
  • Autonomic Nervous System
  • Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
The Endocrine System
  • cortisol
  • epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • ACTH
Physiological Changes (in preparation for the "fight or flight" response)
  • Enhanced visual, auditory, and olfactory senses
  • Increased Heartn and perspiration rates
  • Glycogen release from liver to blood stream
  • Increased perspiration rate
  • Release of endorphines
The Parasympathetic nervous system is in charge of returning the system to its original balanced state

The modification of ineffective emotional and behavioral responses to stress depends on:
  • Value system
  • Personality Type (A.......B)
  • health and fitness
  • social support
  • Experience
  • Coping skills
Stress and Disease (GAS)
  • The alarm stage and the fight or flight response
  • The resistance stage
  • the exhaustion stage
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
  • PNI is the discipline studying the interactions among the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems.
  • the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems are interconnected through a complex network of nerves
  • The number and efficiency of lymphocytes is affected during the stress response. This in turn affects the immune system.
Recognizing and Addressing Potential Sources of Stress
  • Moving from home to college
  • Interpersonal stressors (Having a child, separating...)
  • Social Stressors (poverty, discrimination and prejudice...)
  • Lack of job security
Taking Control of the Stress in your Life
  • Rely more and forster social support
  • Work on your Communication Skills
  • Make time for exercise
  • Eat sensibly
  • Manage your time
  • Maintain a positive outlook on life
  • Make time to practice relaxation techniques
  • Seek Professional Help
Resouces on the WWW
Center for Anxiety and Stress Treatment

The Humor Potential

National Institute of Mental Health

Psych Central: Dr. John Grohol's Mental Health Page

Stress Less

References:

Affleck, G., & Tennen, H. (1996). Construing benefits from adversity: Adaptational significance and dispositional underpinnings. Journal of Personality, 64, 899-922.

Affleck, G., Tennen, H., Croog, S., & Levine, S. (1987). Causal attribution, perceived benefits, and morbidity after a heart attack: An 8-year study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 29-35.

Aldwin, C. M. (1994). Stress, coping, and development: An integrative perspective. New York: Guilford.

Aldwin, C. M., Sutton, K., & Lachman, M. (1996). Development of coping resources in adulthood. Journal of Personality, 64, 837-871.

Aspinwall, L. G., & Taylor, S. E. (1997). Stitch in time: Self-regulation and proactive coping. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 417-436.

Badger, J. M. (1995). 14 tips for managing stress on the job. American Journal of Nursing, 95, 31-33.

Brandstadter, J., & Renner, G. (1990). Tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment: Explication of age-related analysis of assimilative and accommodative strategies of coping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 58-67.

Cervantes, R. C., Padilla, A. M., & Salgado de Snyder, V. N. (1991). The Hispanic Stress Inventory: A culturally relevant approach to psychological assessment. Psychological Assessment, 3, 438-447.

Cooper, C. L., & Cartwright, S. (1997). An intervention strategy for workplace stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 43(1), 7-16.

Davis, C. G., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Larson, J. (1998). Making sense of loss and growing from the experience: Two construals of meaning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 561-574.

Fahey, T. D., Insel, P. M., & Roth, T. W. (2001). Fit & well: Core concepts and labs in physical fitness and wellness (4th ed.). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.

Greenberg, J. S. (1996). Comprehensive stress management (5th ed.). Madison, WI: Brown and Benchmark.

Holahan, C. J., & Moos, R. H. (1991). Life stressors, personal and social resources, and depression: A four-year model. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 31-38.

Iverson, R. D., Olekalns, M., & Erwin, P. J. (1998). Affectivity, organizational stressors, and absenteeism--a causal model of burnout and its consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 52, 1-23.

Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Glaser, R. (1992). Stress and the immune system: Human studies. Review of Psychiatry, 2, 169-180.

Park, C. L., Cohen, L. H., & Murch, R. (1996). Assessment and prediction of stress-related growth. Journal of Personality, 64, 71-105.

Park, C. L., & Folkman, S. (1997). The role of meaning in the context of stress and coping. General Review of Psychology, 1, 115-144.

Paternak, C. A. (1991). Molecular biology of environmental stress. Impact of Science on Society, 41, 49-57.

Pelletier, K. R. (1992). Mind-bodyhealth: Research, clinical, and policy applications. American Journal of Health Promotion, 6, 345-358.

Schafer, W. E. (1996). Stress management for wellness (3rd ed.). Forth Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.

Schaefer, J. A., & Moos, R. H. (1992). Life crisis and personal growth. In B. N. Carpenter (Ed.), Personal coping: Theory, research, and application (pp. 149-170). Westport, CT: Praeger.

Schneider, R. H., et al. (1995). A randomized controlled trial of stress reduction for hypertension in older African Americans. Hypertension, 26(5), 820-827.

Sethi, S., & Seligman, M. E. (1993). Optimism and fundamentalism. Psychological Science, 4, 256-259.

Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma and transformation: Growth in the aftermath of suffering. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Summary and conclusions

Questions and comments

Next Topic Chapter 11: "Cardiovascular Health"
Copyright© 2002, Daniel Frankl, Ph.D.
e-mail gif questions and/or comments; thank you!
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